Coffee Varieties Overview What are the main coffee varieties?

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It is understood that coffee tree varieties can be described as all-encompassing, with so many varieties and diverse flavors that they are breathtaking. However, not many are cultivated for coffee consumption.

Native to Africa, coffee trees hold many secrets. Let FrontStreet Coffee explore them together.

In botanical taxonomy, coffee belongs to the Rubiaceae family, with at least one hundred coffee species beneath it. About eighty coffee tree varieties have been confirmed, of which three are cultivated for coffee consumption: Arabica coffee species, Robusta coffee species, and Liberica coffee species.

Characteristics of the Three Major Coffee Species

So what are the characteristics of these three major coffee species?

Generally, Arabica is mainly used for single-origin or specialty coffee, while Robusta is used to make instant coffee. Although Arabica can be defined as premium coffee and Robusta as secondary, it doesn't necessarily have to be classified this way; it's more appropriate to distinguish based on personal taste preferences. In terms of flavor preferences, the United States and Japan more commonly drink light coffee brewed from Arabica, while Europe prefers espresso made from a blend of Arabica and Robusta.

Arabica: Premium Coffee Beans with Excellent Flavor and Aroma

Arabica is a representative variety native to Ethiopia and is also produced in South Africa, African countries, and Asian nations, accounting for 70%-75% of the world's coffee production. Arabica has weaker resistance to pests and diseases, making highland areas more suitable for cultivation. Arabica coffee beans grown at elevations above 1500 meters produce the best quality.

Such carefully produced high-quality beans, with balanced flavor, mouthfeel, and aroma, can be certified as premium coffee beans, mainly used for single-origin coffee or specialty coffee. The three famous coffee beans—Hawaiian Kona, Jamaican Blue Mountain, and Yemen Mocha—belong to the Arabica variety. Arabica green beans have a dark, narrow appearance and are hailed as the highest quality highland-grown Arabica variety, characterized by rich flavors of sweetness, acidity, and aroma.

In terms of flavor, Arabica coffee beans are considered the best-flavored coffee beans and have been used in the specialty coffee consumer market since the concept of specialty coffee emerged. The Typica coffee subspecies of Arabica coffee possesses high-quality acidity, scores very high in cupping, and has excellent genes as the most ancient coffee variety. The Geisha coffee variety, now known to everyone in the specialty coffee market, conquers coffee lovers' taste buds with its fresh floral aroma and comfortable acidity.

Robusta: Strong Acidity and Rich Mouthfeel

Robusta originates from the Congo in Africa and accounts for 30% of the world's coffee production. The word "Robusta" means "robust," and indeed, this coffee tree not only has strong resistance to pests and diseases but can also survive in any soil and even grow in the wild. Therefore, it can be cultivated in high-temperature areas, grows quickly, and is easy to cultivate, offering the advantage of low price. It is mainly used for blending or as the main ingredient for instant coffee. Some Robusta produced in India, Africa, and Brazil has strong acidity, high caffeine content, and a richer mouthfeel.

Compared to Arabica, Robusta has higher caffeine, amino acid, and chlorogenic acid content. Chlorogenic acid is the source of bitterness, so Robusta naturally lacks the ethereal aromatic flavor unique to Arabica beans. Instead, it offers a mellower, deeper mouthfeel, richer coffee oils, and flavors of walnut, peanut, hazelnut, wheat, grains, and even pungent earthy notes. Thanks to Robusta's abundant caffeine, it is generally used as raw material for instant coffee. Some espresso blends also add appropriate amounts of Robusta coffee beans to express rich, heavy coffee oils. Recently, there's also the Arabusta variety, a hybrid of Arabica that offers superior taste and aroma.

Robusta has a plump oval appearance, with green beans having a light brown or yellowish-brown color with grass-green and yellow luster. Compared to Arabica varieties, it has a more fragrant and lighter taste, characterized by less noticeable acidity and heavier bitterness.

Liberica: Rich Nutty, Dark Chocolate Notes and Smoky Aroma

Also known for its intense smoky character that some find difficult to accept. Some even describe it as liquid tobacco because the strong smoky flavor and aroma it produces resemble actual tobacco plants. Filipinos even call this coffee "Kape Barako," which can be understood as "manly coffee" or "strong man's coffee."

Among these three coffee varieties, Liberica has the lowest caffeine content. Robusta has the highest, containing 2.26 grams of caffeine per 100 grams of beans. Arabica coffee follows with 1.61 grams of caffeine per 100 grams of beans. Liberica contains only 1.23 grams of caffeine per 100 grams of beans. Liberica is also often used as a raw material for instant coffee. In the Philippines, "Kape Barako" has become a must-have morning coffee for the older generation. In Malaysia, Liberica coffee beans are made into local specialty products—white coffee.

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